Watch Out: How Evolution Korea Is Gaining Ground And How To Respond
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Evolution Korea
The democratic system in South Korea is susceptible to populist impulses. It's still more stable than was expected.
The country is looking for an innovative development paradigm. The Confucian culture, which emphasizes respect for ancestors as well as gendered family relationships, continues to influence the society. There are indications of a secularist cultural trend that is emerging.
Origins
In prehistoric times, the ancestors of modern Koreans lived on hunting and gathering wild food. Around 10,000 years ago, they began to cultivate millet, beans and other crops. They also raised livestock and made furs. They created tribal states in Manchuria and later on the Korean peninsula. They also established an industry of metalworking, making bronze tools, and later iron ones. They traded with other states and introduced celadon papermaking block printing art styles, and a written language to Japan.
Gojoseon was established in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. The state adopted Chinese culture which included Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. During this period the people of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical society with a monarch and senior officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy while the rest of the population were peasants. The state took taxes from these citizens, and sometimes forced them to serve in the army or build fortifications.
At the end of this period, the state of Baekje was founded by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and was the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. The new kingdom expanded to the southwest region of the peninsula, and fought against Goguryeo's commanderies and China's in the region. Baekje incorporated aspects of Confucian thinking into its state belief system and made the male-centric filiopiety idea as a law in 1390 CE. In the name of filiopiety fathers were accountable to their families and had to be respected and obeyed by everyone, even their children and grandchildren.
Goryeo, who would rule from 918 until 1392 CE introduced the world to the Hangul alphabet based on the shapes made by the mouth during pronunciation. This greatly improved communication between people, and led to an explosion in the writing of Buddhist texts. Woodblock printing and movable type were also refined. In 1145 CE the Samguk Sagi or "History of the Three Kingdoms" was the first to be recorded.
The evolution of Korea
The Korean peninsula was inhabited from Neolithic times to. Early evidence of human settlements can be found in the form of graves paved with stone, and decorated with valuable items like amazonite jewelry being buried alongside the dead. Megalithic structures, also known as dolmens and built of large stones in a single piece, are prevalent throughout the country.
Gojoseon was the first state to be recognized in the first half of the 1st millennium BCE. The peninsula was later ruled by a number of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE) which included Baekje and Goguryeo. The northern region of the peninsula was occupied for a period by the Balhae Kingdom which historians do not believe to be a real Korean state.
Following the Three Kingdoms arose the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, or Several States Period. In all of them, Baekje was the most powerful state but its dynasty dissolved when Goguryeo was defeated in 676 CE and left the southern provinces of Manchuria and the western region around Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy prospered for a period of time.
The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged, and the three kingdoms began to work together in order to expand their territorial holdings. Silla, with the help of the Chinese, eventually conquered and unified the peninsula in 935.
As Korea enters the post-crisis period its development model is in flux. People who are shocked by the immense cost of the old system are urging a thorough program of liberalization in capital, labor, and product markets. On the other hand champions of the old system seek to preserve it by leveraging nationalist sentiments and exaggerating fears of job loss.
Analysts and academics are divided about the extent to which Korea's evolution is being driven by these two trends. This article examines the five phases of Korea's evolution in terms of its political development: illiberal democracies (1945-60), democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-1877), democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and democratic participation (2002). This article also identifies some key factors that seem to influence these processes.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have had success in promoting their views to this population. A 2009 survey showed that nearly one-third of respondents were against evolution. Of the respondents, 41% believed that there was no scientific evidence to support the theory; 39% claimed that it did not align with their religious beliefs; and 17 percent said they didn't comprehend it. This level of doubt is comparable to that of the United States where a similar percentage do not believe humans evolved from lesser advanced species of life.
In the past, the anti-evolutionist campaign in Korea was primarily focused on teaching students and the introduction of Christ to them. An increase in interest in creation science began in the year 1980, following the inauguration of a four-day seminar during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul which included Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Gish of ICR as the keynote speakers. The event was attended by a large number of pastors, professors, church leaders, and scientists.
The success of the event resulted in the formation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31st, 1980. The inauguration event was widely reported in national newspapers, such as The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo and also was well-received by the public.
KACR click here began publishing a monthly newsletter called CREATION, which published its activities and also published articles on the scientific evidence supporting creationism. It also translated film strips and slides from ICR and also some books on creationism that were published outside of Korea. KACR members also gave talks at universities and churches throughout the country.
A KACR success was observed at KAIST University in Seoul. Students at KAIST in Seoul were interested in creationism, they raised money and secured funding to build an enlightened museum on campus.
In addition to its activities, KACR has published a bimonthly magazine, CREATION. The magazine covers a variety of topics that pertain to the science of creation. It also hosted a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also established a network of local branch offices that give talks and seminars to children and other community groups.
Evolution in South Korea
In the latter half of the nineteenth century and the early 20th century, Korea began to adopt a more Westernized style of life. The traditional hanbok, or Korean dress, gave way to miniskirts, as well as other fashion elements imported from overseas. Similar to the way traditional Korean music styles were replaced by modern rock and roll and jazz. In the period of this transition the famous samulnori, also known as the masked dance-dramas were very popular. These dramatic pieces were performed with the accompaniment of shaman drums as well as different musical instruments.
The economic crisis has formed Korea's new paradigm of development. The main challenge for the new regime is to find a balance between market-oriented and state-led policies. It also requires a change in the incentives monitoring and discipline strategies that have shaped the system before the crisis. These issues are examined in Chapters 3 and 4.
The Baekje was founded by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established jointly by the people who lived along the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other areas and people from northern China. Baekje, one of the major regional powers in the early 4th century expanded its territory to Mahan in north and Jeollanam-do south. As a result, it was in frequent confrontation with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanders along the border.
The fall of Silla in the 8th and early 9th centuries enabled powerful local factions to emerge. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as its capital. He ruled a portion of today's Jeolla province as well as Chungcheong. Later, he relocated the capital to Wansanju and became a rival to Goguryeo.
His rule was however short-lived. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935 and unified Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla and later joined Baekje into Goryeo peacefully as a successor. In addition, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a centralized rule system. This marked the end of the Three Kingdoms Period. From then on the Korean peninsula was controlled by the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo Baekje Silla gradually grew into powerful states on the peninsula and in Manchuria.